Oral cancer articles 2019. Oral cancer usually presents with .

Oral cancer articles 2019. The oral cavity, including the lip, is the most common site of SCC in the head and neck region (Ettinger et al. A noninvasive visual and tactile oral mucosal examination with risk factor assessment for oral diseases including OPSCC is part of the standard visit by oral health care providers and is recommended for all patients (American Academy of Oral Medicine 2019). 40-fold increase worldwide in the past three decades. The morbidity of oral mucositis includes pain, nutritional compromise, and infection risk, which potentially result in breaks or dose reductions in cancer therapy. Mar 17, 2025 · Oral cancer Oral cancer includes cancers of the lip, other parts of the mouth and the oropharynx and combined rank as the 13 th most common cancer worldwide. This is one of the major public health problems globally, causing more than 19 million new cases in 2020. Mar 3, 2025 · Article Open access Published: 03 March 2025 Lip and oral cavity cancer in Iran from 1990 to 2019 based on the global burden of disease study Leyla Roghanizadeh, Saede Atarbashi-Moghadam, Fatemeh Various primary studies and systematic reviews have been conducted to explain the association between smokeless tobacco and oral cancer. The various conventional diagnostic techniques used routinely for detection of the oral cancer are discussed along with advanced techniques. We searched the Medline and Scopus databases for papers published as of December 31, 2017 that described the economic Sep 5, 2024 · Lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC) emerge as a substantial component, accounting for an estimated 370,000 new cases and 199,000 deaths globally in 2019 (2). [2] Among all the head and neck cancers detected yearly in KSA, oral cancer accounts for as much as 26 percent, a majority of them in advanced stage receiving palliative treatment. 78 per 100,000 in 2001 to 3. To reduce the incidence of oral cancer and its Jul 12, 2025 · Brazil (2017) reported the highest LOC incidence, prevalence, and mortality in those aged 70 years and older compared with younger age groups [17], while France (1990–2018) observed upward incidence trends in oral cancer among women aged 70 and above [18]. However, despite current diagnosis tools, a high morbidity | Find, read and cite all the research Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC), arising from surface epithelium, constitute more than 90% of all oral cancers and, in many studies, the term oral cancer is applied as synonymous of OSCC. Apr 12, 2019 · Oral cancer ranks eighth among the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and tobacco is one the most important carcinogenic factors of OSCC. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of oral cancer prevention (OCP) among oral health practitioners in the College of Dentistry at Jazan University, Saudi Arabia, and to determine factors Oral and oropharyngeal cancer are significant health problems. The aim of the current umbrella review was to provide a comprehensive and systematic summary of relevant studies, to grade the Dec 13, 2019 · This Viewpoint reviews the epidemiologic evidence documenting the association between alcohol consumption and cancer risk, and calls for possible health responses and research into interventions for decreasing overall alcohol consumption as a means of reducing cancer risk. Oct 10, 2024 · Tobacco- and alcohol-attributable burden of early-onset lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancer in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019, with projections to 2040 Feb 10, 2024 · Background Oral cancer is a life-threatening malignancy, which affects the survival rate and quality of life of patients. Jan 31, 2020 · Background Oral cancers account for 3% of annual U. Despite advances in its treatment, the 5-year survival rates of afflicted patients have remained constant over the past decades, owing to delayed diagnosis of the disease [2]. GLOBOCAN 2020 and Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 are the two most established global online cancer databases. Lehmann British Dental Journal 226, 160 (2019) Cite this article Jun 1, 2023 · Cancer of the lip and oral cavity is a significant global health concern with an estimated 373000 incident cases, 199 000 deaths and 5·51 million disability adjusted life years (DALY’s) in 2019 alone, according to the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) latest data on global burden of disease (GBD) [1]. Some of underlying mechanisms of carcinogenesis in HCV associated liver cancer include increased hepatocyte proliferation, induction of immune and inflammation responses and genomic mutations. Epidemiological Abstract Background: Early identification of the stage of oral cancer development can lead to better treatment outcomes and avoid malignant transformation. They are both life‐threatening conditions usually diagnosed at an advanced stage causing survival rates to decline. Cancer that develops on the lips, in the front of the mouth or tongue, under the tongue, or on the insides of the cheeks is called oral cancer. 72 In the oral cavity, traumatization of oral epithelium during mastication results in HPV infection of oral epithelial basal cells. The role of tobacco and alcohol have been studied and proven to be one of its risk factors. Statements regarding the effectiveness of visual examination of the oral cavity for early detection are not necessarily transferable between Jan 27, 2023 · Oral cancer, one of the most common types of malignant neoplasms, poses a significant economic and clinical burden worldwide [1]. Get detailed information about mucositis, orofacial pain, infection, medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, and other issues in this clinician summary. We collected oral cancer data from the 2019 Global Burden of Oral cancer has an overall survival rate of only 50%. It is important to consider the time of oral screening, as it plays a pivotal role in understanding the disease prognosis. This Feb 8, 2019 · By quantifying the risk of a given oral biopsy becoming cancerous, it enables reassurance of those patients with low cancer risk and a reduced need for their intensive surveillance, whilst The majority of suspected malignant changes in the oral mucosa are detected by dentists in private practice. In this first of two papers in a Series on oral health, we describe Abstract Objectives: Global descriptions of international patterns and trends in oral cancer are informative in providing insight into the shifting epidemiologic patterns and the potential prevention of these tumours. Preventable lifestyle factors and social determinants of health contribute significantly to the disease Cancers of the oral cavity are common worldwide, with incidence rates and trends varying significantly between different regions. Oral cancer (OC) poses a threat to human health and imposes a heavy burden on countries. 2 Oral and pharynx cancer represent a serious global problem, reaching an incidence of half a million cases annually. For all cancers, the economic benefits of primary preventive measures against risk factors far outweigh those of treatment [11]. Databases (Medline via PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus) were Mar 15, 2025 · The minor changes in the burden of oral conditions over the past 30 years demonstrate that past and current efforts to control oral conditions have not been successful and that different approaches are needed. Cancer can develop in or around the mouth or in the throat. Despite new management strategies, the 5-year survival rate of oral cancer is Jun 17, 2025 · Nonetheless, existing evidence confirms that trained clinicians can accurately assess the clinical risk of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), making such training a cornerstone of successful screening efforts. Oral cavity cancer (OCC), primarily oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is a growing concern in Europe, particularly among younger populations. Numerous risk factors mainly related to unhealthy habits and responsible for chronic inflammation and infections have been recognized as predisposing factors for oral carcinogenesis. Jan 28, 2025 · Oral cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the head and neck region (Peres et al. Global cancer control efforts must incorporate further measures to reduce smokeless tobacco and areca nut consumption in populations with the largest attributable burden. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques play a significant role in assisting with diagnosing oral cancer. Up to 46% of oral cancers are preventable if risk factors are avoided and if precancerous lesions are detected at an early stage. The use of technology may be beneficial for early detection and diagnosis and thus help the Apr 11, 2019 · In the oral cavity, PDT has been used for the management of oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders, especially OLK. This epidemiological study leverages data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database spanning from 1990 to 2021 to analyze the global burden of oral cancer. Annual case data and age-standardised rates (ASRs) were Abstract Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the leading cause of mortality for oral cancer. By definition, oral cancer refers to any malignant tumor occurring in the lips (vermilion border and the oral aspect) and within the oral cavity (including the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, buccal mucosa, gingiva, hard palate, retromolar pad, and floor of the mouth), primarily Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) arising from the oral cavity and lips constitutes one of the most common types of malignancy in the head and neck region. Spain (1980–2019) showed a rising mortality trend in older adults with oral cancer [19]. 1 In the United States, the estimated annual incidence of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) is reported to have decreased from 3. Methods PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically Aug 19, 2019 · Abstract Oral complications of cancer treatment are common; however, their clinical and economic importance is often underappreciated. We reviewed the literature on the economic implications of oral complications, updating a previous report in the predecessor to this issue. This retrospective study aimed to comprehensively understand overall survival (OS) and the influence of sociodemographic and clinical factors on patients diagnosed with oral May 28, 2025 · e18134Background: Tobacco is an established risk factor for lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC). Interestingly, the ASIRs for laryngeal cancer showed a decreasing trend over the studied time frame from 1990 to 2019. It is important to examine the differences between the two platforms, to attempt to explain these differences, and to appraise the quality of the data. The purpose of this study was to report the population-level prevalence of oral cancer examination among adult smokers and alcohol drinkers and assess if these modifiable lifestyle factors are associated with receiving an oral cancer examination. Feb 3, 2020 · As well described in the clinical review by Brown and Gupta 1 in this issue of JCO Oncology Practice, oral mucositis is a common toxicity of cancer therapy. Data from the Global Cancer Open Metrics Sir, We are currently planning an oral cancer study in our department and we were conducting a literature search on the subject. 54 per 100,000 in May 1, 2024 · This study evaluated the effectiveness of intra-arterial infusion chemoradiotherapy (IACRT) compared to surgery in patients with locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (LAOSCC) as part of the process of updating the 2019 Japanese oral cancer clinical practice guidelines. A particular article [1] caught our attention as it is a recent review about the subject at hand; thus, we read the article carefully to gather data about the classification of etiological factors. There is an urgent need to address the changing global burden of cancer in the younger population, tackle the specific vulnerabilities of this age group and the existing inequities. Jan 15, 2020 · The control samples used for OSCC microbiota study usually include tumor adjacent or contralateral tissue, and healthy subjects (Al-Hebshi et al. This places LOC at the 16th position both in terms of incidence and mortality rates (3). The data on oral cancer from 1990 to 2019 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 database. Moreover, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews of previous research on factors associated with oral cancer. Oral cancer is a devastating disease and is commonly preceded by a range of oral premalignant disorders. While a previous study quantified the global and regional burden of LOC and other pharyngeal cancers using the 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Feb 8, 2019 · Letter Published: 08 February 2019 Oral cancer: So that we remember what mouth cancer is to us J. Methods This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Sep 19, 2024 · This was a single-center cross-sectional study that used a sequential sampling method. Surgery is still the most common form of treatment for oral cancer, but it is linked with severe deformity, the inability to perform daily mouth tasks, psychosocial stress, and extensive recovery. Oral cancer, included within head and neck cancer, is the sixth most common malignant neoplasm in the world. 2019; Siegel et al. Nov 13, 2024 · In 2022, the article of the IACR working group set to revise oral cancer prevention strategies confirmed the benefits of quitting tobacco use and alcohol consumption on oral cancer risk, with decreased risk with increasing time since cessation (18). Yet, the causal relationship between oral microbiota and OC remains undetermined. May 8, 2020 · Despite our sincere and serious efforts, oral cancer (particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma [OSCC]) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the Indian population. Globally, approximately 378,000 cases were diagnosed with 178,000 deaths in 2020. Mar 19, 2025 · Introduction Lip and oral cavity cancer (LOCC) including those of the lip, tongue, and mouth, rank as the 16th most common cancer globally are the most prevalent form of head and neck cancer globally, with around 350,000 new cases and over 177,000 deaths reported in 2018 [1]. Methods We collected oral cancer data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study from 1990 to 2019 in 45 Asian countries and territories. Jul 3, 2019 · Results Oral Microbiota Profiles Generated by 16 S rRNA Sequencing In this study, 32 patients with throat cancer (17 patients with hypopharyngeal cancer and 15 patients with laryngeal cancer), nine patients with a vocal cord polyp, and 29 healthy individuals (controls) were enrolled (sample information is in Supplementary Table 1). Data from patients who completed primary oral cancer treatment between September 2019 and March 2023 were We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The results fulfil the gap in the data on independent effect of individual SLT product use on the outco … Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a pathological type of oral cancer, accounting for over 90% of oral cancers 9. High incidence of oral carcinoma and its late-stage presentation are the major global healthcare issues. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the association between SLT use and OCC risk in women and compared it to that in men. S. The key advantage of self-normal control over healthy subjects is that the person-related factors that are easy to affect oral flora, like genotype and diet, can be avoided. Aug 19, 2019 · The present meta-analysis demonstrates SLT product use and the risk of oral cancer at global level. This systematic analysis assesses the total and risk-attributable burden of lip and oral cavity cancer and other pharyngeal cancer for 204 countries and territories and by Socio-demographic Index using 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Abstract Introduction Oral cancer represents a significant global public health concern, with the death rate for lip and oral cavity malignancies experiencing a 1. 7 Its occurrence is influenced by different factors such as sex, age and ethnicity The study reveals a persistent and growing burden of oral cancer in India, highlighting the influence of lifestyle and socioeconomic factors. Moreover, the present analysis provided data on the risk associated with individual SLT product. The research aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the age-standardized Oct 25, 2018 · This article provides clinicians with a synopsis of the most contemporary management strategies for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, framed within the context of historical treatment philosophies. Jul 20, 2019 · Oral diseases are among the most prevalent diseases globally and have serious health and economic burdens, greatly reducing quality of life for those affected. The burden of oral cancer treatment is expected to rise significantly Feb 16, 2024 · Oral complications of cancer therapies are common and should be considered and addressed before, during, and after treatment. Jun 1, 2024 · Detection at an early stage is necessary to prevent the mortality rate in cancer patients. Historically, management was focused mainly on pain control and nutritional Oral Cancer is now archived and no longer receiving submissions with this publisher. The aim of this systematic review was to review deep learning (DL) studies in the diagnosis and prognostic prediction of oral cancer. In the United States, the 2019 estimate of new cases of oral cavity SCC is 35,130 and the estimate of deaths from oral cavity SCC is 7,410 (Siegel et al. There are stark differences for lip and oral cancers (LOC) and we attempt to explain these by detailed analysis of ten countries Jul 1, 2019 · Global, regional, and National cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 32 cancer groups, 1990 to 2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study Mar 5, 2024 · It is clear from reading the aforementioned articles that there are many facets to the field of oral cancer research, necessitating a thorough approach to treatment, detection, and prevention. used machine learning with gene expression profiling to predict the possibility of oral cancer development in terms of the malignant transformation of oral premalignant lesions10. We present global statistics on these cancers using the comprehensive set of national estimates and recorded data collated at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). To assess and compare practices, knowledge and attitude regarding oral Jan 1, 2020 · This review describes various risk factors related to the occurrence of oral cancer, the statistics of the distribution of oral cancer in India by various virtues, and the socio-economic positions. 2019). The global incidence of cancers of the lip and oral cavity is estimated to be 389 846 new cases and 188 438 deaths in 2022 (1). The incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and age-standardized rate as well as attributable risk factors of oral cancer were used for the analysis. This review outlines progress in methods such as narrow band imaging, fluorescence imaging, and optical May 27, 2025 · Oral cancer is a multifactorial disease that has accounted for over 4,100 deaths between the years of 2017-2019. Oral Cancer is now archived and no longer receiving submissions with this publisher. Summary Background GLOBOCAN 2020 and Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 are the two most established global online cancer databases. This prognosis is significantly improved when this disease is diagnosed and treated in its early stages. We investigated the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) that progressed to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) Feb 3, 2025 · The cancer burden can also be reduced through early detection of cancer and appropriate treatment and care of patients who develop cancer. 1 Cancer in the back of the mouth, including the throat, the back part of the tongue, the soft part of the roof of the mouth, and the tonsils, is called oropharyngeal cancer. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set early diagnosis and prevention of oral cancer as their primary objective. Oral cancer is usually associated with classical clinical features associated with In Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) lymphoma and leukemia are most common malignancies and oral cancer stands in 3rd position. Our findings revealed that smoking posed a significantly greater risk for laryngeal and lip and oral cavity cancers Finally, we speculate, 'where to next?' Our overarching goal of this review is to initiate a critical discourse on bridging the gaps and crossing the divides to tackle oral cancer inequalities in LMIC such as Sri Lanka. Aug 26, 2021 · Background The impact of smokeless tobacco (SLT) use on the risk of oral cavity cancer (OCC) has been confirmed; however, the sex-based difference in this association remains inconclusive. Mar 24, 2022 · Background Oral cancer (OC) poses a threat to human health and imposes a heavy burden on countries. This can help investigators to choose the Nov 1, 2022 · Survival and prognosis for oral cancer also varied by region, with oral cancer having a poorer prognosis in developing countries [10]. The AI techniques provide better detection accuracy and help automate oral cancer detection. The digitalisation of various processes in the treatment of patients with oral cancer holds great potential that requires differentiated reflection and targeted further development. Laszlo & M. Despite high incidence and mortality rates, comprehensive national and regional data on risk factors and trends are scarce. Oral and oropharyngeal cancers are reported to account for approximately 220000 new cases per year (5% of all cancers) worldwide 11. This study assessed the burden imposed by OC on the 10 most populous countries from 1990 to 2019 on the basis of gender, age Cancers of the lip and oral cavity are common cancers worldwide. The Sep 7, 2023 · This systematic analysis assesses the total and risk-attributable burden of lip and oral cavity cancer and other pharyngeal cancer for 204 countries and territories and by Socio-demographic Index using 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study estimates. The main etiological factors are tobacco and alcohol, although currently, diet is considered an important determinant for its development. The use of immunological therapies, which are still experimental and immature May 22, 2025 · The prevalence, incidence and mortality of lip, oral, and other pharyngeal cancer among adolescents vary by country and sex, and the disparities are widening. All articles published in the journal during its time with Springer will remain fully searchable through our websites. Jun 1, 2025 · Background Oral cancer is a common head and neck cancer malignancy that seriously affects patients' quality of life and increases the health care burden. We also know that mouthwashes contain a May 2, 2023 · Materials and Methods The data on oral cancer from 1990 to 2019 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 database. Nov 29, 2020 · PDF | Introduction: Oral cancer is one of the most common malign neoplasia around the world. There are stark differences for lip and oral cancers (LOC) and we attempt to explain these by detailed Oct 15, 2019 · Article Open access Published: 15 October 2019 Clinical Study Nationwide randomised trial evaluating elective neck dissection for early stage oral cancer (SEND study) with meta-analysis and Oct 8, 2024 · Our findings suggest that one in three cases of oral cancer globally are attributable to smokeless tobacco or areca nut consumption, and could be prevented through smokeless tobacco and areca nut control. Within the domain of head and neck malignancies, LOC stands out as the most prevalent. Prediction of survival in oral cancer depends on classical parameters such as tumor grade and depth of Compared to other surgical fields – such as visceral surgery – the use of robot-assisted surgery in oral and maxillofacial surgery is still not widespread. This study aims to consolidate and summarize the risk estimates from various systematic reviews with or without Dec 1, 2024 · Oral cancer, primarily oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), continues to be a major global health challenge. Oral cancer ranks eighth among the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide 10. Oral cancer usually presents with AbstrAct Introduction: The oral cavity is the primary site of origin for oral cancer, a subtype of head and neck cancers. select article Impact of contralateral lymph nodal involvement and extranodal extension on survival of surgically managed HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer staged with the AJCC eighth edition This study aims to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention of oral cancer by analyzing the epidemiological trends of oral cancer. . May 3, 2025 · Findings In 2019, lip and oral cavity cancers were found to have the highest incidence rates, with notably higher ASIRs observed in males compared to females. There is excess burden of oral | Find, read and cite all the research Oct 1, 2023 · Objective: To analyze the total and risk-attributable burden of lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC) and other pharyngeal cancer (OPC) for 204 countries and territories and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) using 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study estimates. Lip and oral cavity cancer (LOCC) is neoplastic growth in the tongue, Treatment of locally advanced oral cancer requires multidisciplinary care, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, which varies based on the stage of the disease, site of involvement, and surgical access. OC that is diagnosed in its advanced stages results in morbidity and mortality. Background: Oral cancer (OC) is a common tumour that poses a threat to human health and imposes a heavy burden on countries. Oral cancer is a life-threatening malignancy, which affects the survival rate and quality of life of patients. Many cancers have a high chance of cure if diagnosed early and treated appropriately. Oral precancerous lesions show quite high malignant transformation rate. The most prevalent and consequential oral diseases globally are dental caries (tooth decay), periodontal disease, tooth loss, and cancers of the lips and oral cavity. Advances in traditional treatments (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy) of OSCC have failed to increase survival and, at the same time, they have been associated with significant side effects. Ninety percent of oral cancer cases are histologically diagnosed as oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). May 22, 2021 · PDF | India is a global epicenter of oral cancer patients and the magnitude of the problem is ever increasing day by day. Dec 1, 2024 · Abstract Background Oral cancer is the sixth most prevalent cancer globally, posing a significant health concern, especially in India, where it accounts for one-third of the global cases. Introduction Survival rate of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is about 50% of affected cases. Many countries now face the double challenge of controlling the occurrence of new cases of oral conditions and addressing the huge unmet need for oral health care. In particular, some Commentary As another Mouth Cancer Action Month in the UK comes to an end,1 it is worth reflecting on the state of evidence and best practice for early detection of oral cancer. The global occurrence of oral cancer (OC) has increased in recent years. From 1990 to 2019, oral cancer incidence, mortality, and DALYs increased with age. However, recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of oral carcinogenesis and the development of innovative treatment The oral cancer constitutes 48% of head and neck cancer cases. This review of the literature attempts to provide directions and ideas for future related research, and emphasizes the need for efforts to red … May 5, 2025 · Read the latest Research articles in Oral cancer from British Journal of Cancer Jun 5, 2025 · Many studies have reported an association between oral microbiota and oral cancer (OC). The recent special Recent advancements in oral cancer detection prioritize non-invasive and minimally invasive techniques for efficient and accurate screening. Oral Oncology is an international interdisciplinary journal which publishes high quality original research, clinical trials and review articles, editorials, and commentaries relating to the etiopathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention, clinical features, … View full aims & scope Elsevier's Oncology Journal Network Tobacco use is associated with diseases worldwide, including cancer. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview that describes the development of standardized procedures for oral sample collection, characterization, and molecular risk assessment. Recently, even microbiota alterations have been associated with the development of human cancers. cancer diagnosis, 2 in 5 of which are diagnosed late when prognosis is poor. Targeted strategies to mitigate risk behaviors, improve early detection, and address disparities are urgently needed to reduce the disease's impact. We assessed the burden imposed by OC on Asian nations from 1990 to 2019 based on gender and age. According to a World Health Organization report, the mortality rate for oral cancer within Dec 1, 2021 · Background Oral cancer awareness among current and future dental practitioners plays a substantial role in the early detection and prevention of oral cancer. Despite improvements in early detection and treatment, the prognosis for patients, particularly those diagnosed at advanced stages, remains unfavorable. , 2019). Oct 8, 2019 · PDF | Introduction Various primary studies and systematic reviews have been conducted to explain the association between smokeless tobacco and oral | Find, read and cite all the research you Shams et al. twtp xsofk h6yr x4gt 0s82 ncm vehgwu jai zepj l7zt9